Investigation of Population Density of Major Pests in New Cotton Cultivars at Different Irrigation Conditions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 plant protection department, Cotton Research Institute- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Cotton Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

3 Agronomy department, Cotton Research Institute- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

4 Cotton Research Institute - Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

5 Laboratory Expert ,Cotton Research Institute- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

10.22092/ijcr.2025.367247.1228

Abstract

Background and Objective: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a vital agricultural crop, providing essential raw materials for the textile and oil industries. However, the population dynamics of key pests, including onion thrips, green aphids, whiteflies, and cotton bollworms, are influenced by environmental factors such as soil moisture, which directly affects crop yield. This study aimed to improve pest management and optimize water use by evaluating the effects of five drip irrigation levels on six new cotton genotypes (SkSH249, N2G80, GkTb113, SKT133, Bc244, NSK847) and the commercial cultivar Golestan as a control.
 
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted over two agricultural years (2019–2020) at the Hashemabad Cotton Research Station, Gorgan. A drip irrigation system was employed, and pest population densities were recorded weekly. The experiment was set up in a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Irrigation treatments comprised five levels: rainfed (W0), 33% (W33), 66% (W66), 100% (W100), and 133% (W133) of the cotton plant’s water requirements. Population densities of major sucking pests—including onion thrips, green aphids, whiteflies, green leafhoppers, and cotton bollworms—were assessed weekly on 10 randomly selected plants per plot. Crop yield was determined at the end of the growing season.
 
Results: The highest densities of onion thrips and green aphids were observed under the W133 treatment, whereas the lowest densities occurred under rainfed (W0) and W33 treatments. No significant differences in crop yield were found between W66 and W100 treatments; however, the W66 treatment used 36% less water than W100. Water use efficiency (WUE) in the W66 treatment, yielding 814 g m⁻³, was approximately 26% higher than in W100. The genotypes NSK847 and GkTb113, alongside the commercial cultivar Golestan, exhibited comparable WUE and total crop yield.
 
Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of optimized irrigation strategies, such as drip irrigation, and the selection of pest-resistant cotton genotypes for integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable cotton farming. In water-scarce regions, reducing irrigation frequency and volume through effective water management can significantly enhance pest control while maintaining optimal crop performance.

Highlights

Abdelraheem, A., V. Kuraparthy, L. Hinze, D. Stelly, T. Wedegaertner and J. Zhang. 2021. Genome-wide association study for tolerance to drought and salt tolerance and resistance to thrips at the seedling growth stage in US Upland cotton. Industrial Crops and Products 169: 113645.

Ahmad S, Hasanuzzaman M. 2020. Cotton production and uses. Agronomy, Crop Protection, and Postharvest Technologies .Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Asiimwe, P., S. E. Naranjo and P. C. Ellsworth. 2014. Effects of irrigation levels on interactions among Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae), insecticides, and predators in cotton. Environmental Entomology. 43(2): 263-273.

de Assunção, C. T., D. H. Santos, G. T. Giraldi, A. D. Lopes, J. P. Francisco and J. C. Guerreiro. 2023. Population fluctuation of sucking insects in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton crops. Revista De Agricultural Neotropical. 10(2): e7253-e7253.

Bestete LR, Torres JB, Silva RB, Silva-Torres CS. 2016. Water stress and kaolin spray affect herbivorous insects’ success on cotton. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 10:445-453.

Bhattarai, S.P. 2005.The Physiology of Water Use Efficiency of Crops Subjected to Subsurface Drip Irrigation, Oxygation and Salinity in a Heavy Clay Soil. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Biology & Environmental Science, Faculty of Arts, Health & Science, Central Queensland University, Rock Hampton.

Bordovsky, J. P. 2020. Preplant and early‑season cotton irrigation timing with deficit amounts using subsurface drip (SDI) systems in the Texas High Plains. Journal of Irrigation Science. https://doi.org.10.1007.s00271-019-00661-3.

Chaudhry, R. 2006. Current research projects in cotton. International Cotton Advisory Committee report.

Dagdelen, N., Basal, H., Yılmaz, E., Gurbuz, T. and Akcay, S. 2009. Different drip irrigation regimes affect Cotton yield, water use efficiency and fiber quality in western Turkey. Agricultural Water Management, 69: 111–120.

Darvish-Mojeni, Taghi, and Kiani, Alireza. 2001. The effect of sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on the population of sucking pests in cotton fields of Golestan province. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 2(9), 59-70. (in Persian with English Abstract).

Davidson, J. and H. Andrewartha. 1948. The influence of rainfall, evaporation and atmospheric temperature on fluctuations in the size of a natural population of Thrips imaginis (Thysanoptera). The Journal of Animal Ecology: 200-222.

Diamantopoulos, E. and Elmaloglou, S. 2012. The effect of drip line placement on soil water dynamics in the case of surface and subsurface drip irrigation. Irrig. And Drain. 61: 622–630. Doi: 10.1002.ird.1687.

Ellington, J., Cardenas, M., Kiser, K., Guerra, L., Salguero, V. S., Ferguson, G. 1984. Approach to the evaluation of some factors affecting insect resistance in one ‘Acala’and seven sister genotypes of Stoneville cotton in New Mexico. Journal of economic entomology 77:612-618.

Fekrat, L., Shishehbor, P., Manzari, S. and Soleiman Nejadian, E. 2009. Comparative development, reproduction and life table parameters of three populations of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion and tobacco. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran. 29(1): 11-23.

Flint, H. M., S. E. Naranjo, J. E. Leggett and T. J. Henneberry.1996. Cotton water stress, arthropod dynamics, and management of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 89(5): 1288-1300.

Kalkal, D., R. Lal, K. Dahiya, M. Singh and A. Kumar. 2015. Population dynamics of sucking insect pests of cotton and its correlation with abiotic factors. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 49(5): 432-436.

Heravi, P. 2017. Recent Advances in cotton IPM. Technical Bulletin: 66. Agricultural research, education and extension organization. (in Persian).

Himanshau, S. K., S. Ale, J. P. Bordovsky, J. Kim, S. Samanta, N. Omani and E. M. Barnes. 2021. Assessing the impacts of irrigation termination periods on cotton productivity under strategic deficit irrigation regimes. Scientific reports 11(1): 20102.

Huang, J. and H. Hao. 2020. Effects of climate change and crop planting structure on the abundance of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ecology and evolution 10(3): 1324-1338.

Jamali Ghahdarijani M, Mahmoudi E, Soleyman Nezhadian E, Jalalizand A. 2022. The effects of different nutrient elements and irrigation intervals on population and damage of onion thrips Thrips tabaci. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection. 11:99-107.

Kiani, A. 2012. Irrigation planning in cotton. Technical Bulletin: 30. Agricultural research, education and extension organization (in Persian).

Kranthi, K., Kranthi, S., Rameash, K., Nagrare, V., Barik, A. 2009. Advances in cotton IPM. Technical Bulletin:26.

Liu, H., Gao, Y., Sun, J., Wu, X., Jha, S. K., Zhang, H & Li, Y. 2016. Responses of yield, water use efficiency and quality of short-season cotton to irrigation management: interactive effects of irrigation methods and deficit irrigation. Irrigation Science. 1-15.‏

Guo, H. and S. Li. 2024. A review of drip irrigation’s effect on water, carbon fluxes, and crop growth in farmland. Water. 16(15): 2206.

McWilliams, D. 2003. Drought strategies for cotton, New Mexico State University, Cooperative Extension Service.

Naderi Arefi, A., Ghorbani Nasrabad, G. 2022. Yield comparison of commercial cotton cultivars under tow drip irrigation levels. Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches (10) 1: 149-172. (in Persian with English Abstract).

Olson, D., Cortesero, A-M., Rains, G.C., Potter, T., Lewis, W. J. 2009. Nitrogen and water affect direct and indirect plant systemic induced defense in cotton. Biological Control. 49:239-244.

Patel, D., Patel, T., Patel, H., Zinzala, M. 2020. Agronomic management for rainfed cotton. National Symposium.p 99.

Pettigrew, W. T. and M. K. Dowd. 2011. Varying planting dates or irrigation regimes alters cottonseed composition. Crop Science 51(5): 2155-2164.

Skendžić, S., M. Zovko, I. P. Živković, V. Lešić and D. Lemić. 2021. The impact of climate change on agricultural insect pests. Insects 12(5): 440.

Wann, D. Q., Dever, J. K., Arnold, M. D., Elkins, H. D. 2017. Genetic analysis and gain from selection of thrips resistance in cotton. Euphytica 213:1-11.

Wendel, J. F., Brubaker, C. L., Seelanan, T. 2010. The origin and evolution of Gossypium. Physiology of cotton:1-18.

Yu, F. L., G. Wu, T. J. Liu, B. P. Zhai and F. J. Chen. 2008. Effects of irrigation on the performance of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) during different pupal stages. International Journal of Pest Management 54(2): 137-142.

Zhong, R., Tian, F., Yang, P., and Yi, Q. 2016. Planting and Irrigation Methods for Cotton in Southern Xinjiang, China. Irrig. and Drain., 65: 461– 468. doi: 10. 1002. ird. 2015.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abdelraheem, A., V. Kuraparthy, L. Hinze, D. Stelly, T. Wedegaertner and J. Zhang. 2021. Genome-wide association study for tolerance to drought and salt tolerance and resistance to thrips at the seedling growth stage in US Upland cotton. Industrial Crops and Products 169: 113645.
Ahmad S, Hasanuzzaman M. 2020. Cotton production and uses. Agronomy, Crop Protection, and Postharvest Technologies .Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Asiimwe, P., S. E. Naranjo and P. C. Ellsworth. 2014. Effects of irrigation levels on interactions among Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae), insecticides, and predators in cotton. Environmental Entomology. 43(2): 263-273.
de Assunção, C. T., D. H. Santos, G. T. Giraldi, A. D. Lopes, J. P. Francisco and J. C. Guerreiro. 2023. Population fluctuation of sucking insects in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton crops. Revista De Agricultural Neotropical. 10(2): e7253-e7253.
Bestete LR, Torres JB, Silva RB, Silva-Torres CS. 2016. Water stress and kaolin spray affect herbivorous insects’ success on cotton. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 10:445-453.
Bhattarai, S.P. 2005.The Physiology of Water Use Efficiency of Crops Subjected to Subsurface Drip Irrigation, Oxygation and Salinity in a Heavy Clay Soil. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Biology & Environmental Science, Faculty of Arts, Health & Science, Central Queensland University, Rock Hampton.
Bordovsky, J. P. 2020. Preplant and early‑season cotton irrigation timing with deficit amounts using subsurface drip (SDI) systems in the Texas High Plains. Journal of Irrigation Science. https://doi.org.10.1007.s00271-019-00661-3.
Chaudhry, R. 2006. Current research projects in cotton. International Cotton Advisory Committee report.
Dagdelen, N., Basal, H., Yılmaz, E., Gurbuz, T. and Akcay, S. 2009. Different drip irrigation regimes affect Cotton yield, water use efficiency and fiber quality in western Turkey. Agricultural Water Management, 69: 111–120.
Darvish-Mojeni, Taghi, and Kiani, Alireza. 2001. The effect of sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on the population of sucking pests in cotton fields of Golestan province. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 2(9), 59-70. (in Persian with English Abstract).
Davidson, J. and H. Andrewartha. 1948. The influence of rainfall, evaporation and atmospheric temperature on fluctuations in the size of a natural population of Thrips imaginis (Thysanoptera). The Journal of Animal Ecology: 200-222.
Diamantopoulos, E. and Elmaloglou, S. 2012. The effect of drip line placement on soil water dynamics in the case of surface and subsurface drip irrigation. Irrig. And Drain. 61: 622–630. Doi: 10.1002.ird.1687.
Ellington, J., Cardenas, M., Kiser, K., Guerra, L., Salguero, V. S., Ferguson, G. 1984. Approach to the evaluation of some factors affecting insect resistance in one ‘Acala’and seven sister genotypes of Stoneville cotton in New Mexico. Journal of economic entomology 77:612-618.
Fekrat, L., Shishehbor, P., Manzari, S. and Soleiman Nejadian, E. 2009. Comparative development, reproduction and life table parameters of three populations of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion and tobacco. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran. 29(1): 11-23.
Flint, H. M., S. E. Naranjo, J. E. Leggett and T. J. Henneberry.1996. Cotton water stress, arthropod dynamics, and management of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 89(5): 1288-1300.
Kalkal, D., R. Lal, K. Dahiya, M. Singh and A. Kumar. 2015. Population dynamics of sucking insect pests of cotton and its correlation with abiotic factors. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 49(5): 432-436.
Heravi, P. 2017. Recent Advances in cotton IPM. Technical Bulletin: 66. Agricultural research, education and extension organization. (in Persian).
Himanshau, S. K., S. Ale, J. P. Bordovsky, J. Kim, S. Samanta, N. Omani and E. M. Barnes. 2021. Assessing the impacts of irrigation termination periods on cotton productivity under strategic deficit irrigation regimes. Scientific reports 11(1): 20102.
Huang, J. and H. Hao. 2020. Effects of climate change and crop planting structure on the abundance of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ecology and evolution 10(3): 1324-1338.
Jamali Ghahdarijani M, Mahmoudi E, Soleyman Nezhadian E, Jalalizand A. 2022. The effects of different nutrient elements and irrigation intervals on population and damage of onion thrips Thrips tabaci. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection. 11:99-107.
Kiani, A. 2012. Irrigation planning in cotton. Technical Bulletin: 30. Agricultural research, education and extension organization (in Persian).
Kranthi, K., Kranthi, S., Rameash, K., Nagrare, V., Barik, A. 2009. Advances in cotton IPM. Technical Bulletin:26.
Liu, H., Gao, Y., Sun, J., Wu, X., Jha, S. K., Zhang, H & Li, Y. 2016. Responses of yield, water use efficiency and quality of short-season cotton to irrigation management: interactive effects of irrigation methods and deficit irrigation. Irrigation Science. 1-15.‏
Guo, H. and S. Li. 2024. A review of drip irrigation’s effect on water, carbon fluxes, and crop growth in farmland. Water. 16(15): 2206.
McWilliams, D. 2003. Drought strategies for cotton, New Mexico State University, Cooperative Extension Service.
Naderi Arefi, A., Ghorbani Nasrabad, G. 2022. Yield comparison of commercial cotton cultivars under tow drip irrigation levels. Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches (10) 1: 149-172. (in Persian with English Abstract).
Olson, D., Cortesero, A-M., Rains, G.C., Potter, T., Lewis, W. J. 2009. Nitrogen and water affect direct and indirect plant systemic induced defense in cotton. Biological Control. 49:239-244.
Patel, D., Patel, T., Patel, H., Zinzala, M. 2020. Agronomic management for rainfed cotton. National Symposium.p 99.
Pettigrew, W. T. and M. K. Dowd. 2011. Varying planting dates or irrigation regimes alters cottonseed composition. Crop Science 51(5): 2155-2164.
Skendžić, S., M. Zovko, I. P. Živković, V. Lešić and D. Lemić. 2021. The impact of climate change on agricultural insect pests. Insects 12(5): 440.
Wann, D. Q., Dever, J. K., Arnold, M. D., Elkins, H. D. 2017. Genetic analysis and gain from selection of thrips resistance in cotton. Euphytica 213:1-11.
Wendel, J. F., Brubaker, C. L., Seelanan, T. 2010. The origin and evolution of Gossypium. Physiology of cotton:1-18.
Yu, F. L., G. Wu, T. J. Liu, B. P. Zhai and F. J. Chen. 2008. Effects of irrigation on the performance of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) during different pupal stages. International Journal of Pest Management 54(2): 137-142.
Zhong, R., Tian, F., Yang, P., and Yi, Q. 2016. Planting and Irrigation Methods for Cotton in Southern Xinjiang, China. Irrig. and Drain., 65: 461– 468. doi: 10. 1002. ird. 2015.
Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches
Volume 12, Issue 1 - Serial Number 20
September 2024
Pages 101-116

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