هتروزیس در پنبه: چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های تولید ارقام هیبرید

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد،

2 استادیار موسسه تحقیقات پنبه کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

10.22092/ijcr.2024.365051.1209

چکیده

پنبه به‌عنوان گیاهی راهبردی و مهمترین گیاه لیفی، یکی ازپرارزش‌ترین گیاهان زراعی است که اهمیت اقتصادی، کشاورزی و تجاری ویژه‌ای در جهان و ایران یافته است، و از گذشته اصلاح ارقام هیبرید در این گیاه مدنظر بوده است. در این مقاله مروری، آخرین پیشرفت‌ها در زمینه هتروزیس پنبه همراه با ساز و کار توسعه ارقام هیبرید به‌صورت سنتی، و استفاده از لاین‌های نرعقیم سیتوپلاسمی(CMS)  و ژنتیکی (GMS) در چند دهه گذشته مورد بررسی قرار خواهند گرفت. در حال حاضر، سه نوع هیبرید حاصل از روش سنتی، CMS و GMS در تولید و کشت و کار پنبه به کار می‌روند. از میان اینها، مطلوب‌ترین روش تولید بذور هیبرید استفاده از لاین GMS یا CMS همراه با گرده‌افشانی به کمک حشرات است و در صورتی که دانه گرده به اندازه کافی وجود داشته باشد، لاین‌های A و B گرده‌افشانی شده به کمک زنبور عسل می‌توانند عملکردهای مساوی از بذر پنبه در مزرعه تولید کنند. در حال حاضر، بیشتر هیبریدهای تجاری با استفاده از روش سنتی و دستی تولید می‌شوند که روشی بسیار پرهزینه است. بنابراین، در بسیاری از نقاط دنیا به دلیل هزینه بالای تولید بذرF1 ، بذر هیبرید  F2به‌طور گسترده‌ کشت می‌شود. عملکرد هیبریدهای نسل F2 معمولاً 5 تا 15 درصد بیشتر از ارقام شاهد است. یکی از مزایای استفاده از نسل F2 این است که با اینکه فقط نیمی از دانه‌های گرده F1 توانایی بازگرداندن باروری را دارند، والدین F2 توانایی بازگرداندن کامل باروری را دارند. با این وجود، گزینش و تأیید هتروزیس بالا در نسل F2 ضرورت دارد؛ زیرا با وجود اینکه هتروزیس بالایی در نسل F1 وجود دارد، برخی از هیبریدهای F2 هتروزیس نشان نمی‌دهند. بعلاوه، در نسل F2 هتروزیس در عملکرد وجود دارد، اما در کیفیت الیاف F2 هتروزیس وجود ندارد. برای توسعه لاین‌های نرعقیم و شناسایی مکانیسم نرعقیمی، ژن‌های GMS مانند ms2 و ms5ms6 و ژن‌های میتوکندریایی (نرعقیمی سیتوپلاسمی) از G. harknessii کلون شده‌اند. از سوی دیگر، شناسایی و بهبود نرعقیمی ژنتیکی حساس به شرایط محیطی القاء شده به‌وسیله عواملی مانند نور و دما این امکان را فراهم ساخته است تا از برخی صفات GMS به‌منظور اصلاح گیاهان هیبرید استفاده شود. لاین EGMS می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک لاین نرعقیم، و همچنین در صورت کنترل شرایط مساعد محیطی و تحقق اصلاح متقاطع دو لاین، به‌عنوان لاین نگهدارنده باروری مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. در این مقاله مروری به چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های استفاده از هتروزیس و توسعه ارقام هیبرید در پنبه پرداخته خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Heterosis in cotton: Challenges and opportunities of hybrid cultivars production

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Saeidnia 1
  • Rasmieh Hamid 2
1 Agricultural and Horticultural Science Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, 91769-83641, Iran.
2 Cotton research institute of Iran
چکیده [English]

Cotton, as a strategic crop and the most important fibre crop, is one of the most valuable agricultural crops that has a special economic, agricultural and commercial importance in the world and in Iran and has long been a subject for hybrid variety breeding. In this review, we have presented the latest advances in theoretical and applied research in the field of cotton heterosis and the methods used to develop hybrid varieties in recent decades. Three types of hybrids produced by manual emasculation, cytoplasmic male sterility and genetic male sterility have been developed and are being cultivated. The most desirable method of producing hybrid seed is to use the GMS or CMS line in combination with insect pollination when sufficient pollen is available to be pollinated by honey bees. The A and B lines can produce the same yield of seed cotton in the field. Currently, most hybrids grown commercially are produced by manual emasculation and pollination. Due to the high cost of producing F1 seed, F2 seed is therefore widely cultivated. The F2 generation of these combinations was 5 to 15 better in yield than the control varieties. One advantage of the F2 generation is that only half of the pollen of the F1 hybrid regains its fertility. However, the selection and certification of high heterosis in the F2 generation is necessary, as some F2 generations show no heterosis, although high heterosis is present in the F1 generation. In addition, there is heterosis in yield but not in fibre quality in F2. GMS genes (ms2 and ms5ms6) used in hybrid seed production and occasional mitochondrial genes for G. harknessii CMS were cloned. On the other hand, the discovery and improvement of environmental male sterility (EGMS), which is induced by environmental factors such as light and temperature, has enabled the utilisation of some GMS traits for hybrid breeding. The EGMS line can be used both as a sterile line and as a maintenance line by controlling the appropriate environment and realising the crossing of two lines. In this review, the challenges and opportunities of heterosis in cotton and the development of hybrid varieties are discussed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sporophytic
  • gametophytic
  • restorer line
  • cytoplasmic male sterility
  • genetic male sterility

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