بررسی اثر گیاهان پوششی زمستانه مختلف و بقایای آنها در کنترل علف‌های هرز و عملکرد پنبه (Gossipiom hirsutum) (رقم گلستان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد رشته علوم علف‌های هرز، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. ایران.

3 دانشیار. گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. ایران.

4 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

جهت بررسی تأثیر گیاهان پوششی زمستانه بر کنترل علف‌های هرز و عملکرد پنبه رقم گلستان، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 97-1396 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان در قالب طرح اسپیلت بلوک با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل هفت نوع گیاه پوششی شامل جو (Hordeum vulgare L.)، چاودار (Secale cereal L.)، ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای (Vicia villosa Roth.)، خردل علوفه‌ای (Brassica junce L.)، منداب (Eruca sativa L.)، شبدر برسیم (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) و شاهد بدون گیاه پوششی بود که در شرایط وجین و عدم وجین دستی اعمال گردید. نتایج نشان داد که ماده خشک علف‌های هرز در طی فصل رشد پنبه در تیمارهای بقایای ماشک گل خوشه‌ای و شبدر برسیم بیشتر از بقایای جو، منداب و خردل علوفه‌ای بود. عدم حذف علف‌های هرز در تیمار عدم وجین سبب کاهش تعداد قوزه در بوته، وزن قوزه و عملکرد وش به ترتیب به میزان 55، 22 و 55 درصد گردید. بیشترین عملکرد وش در شرایط وجین علف‌های هرز در تیمار ماشک گل‌ خوشه‌ای با 5035 کیلوگرم در هکتار دیده شده که با تیمار شبدر برسیم در شرایط وجین علف‌های هرز (4670 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. این دو تیمار گیاه پوششی توانستند عملکرد وش پنبه را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد بدون گیاه پوششی در شرایط عدم وجین به‌ترتیب به میزان 39 و 29 درصد افزایش دهند. کمترین عملکرد وش در شرایط وجین علف‌های هرز نیز در تیمارهای گیاهان پوششی جو و منداب به ترتیب با 2261 و 2403 کیلوگرم در هکتار بدست آمد که با توجه به کنترل مناسب علف‌های هرز در این دو تیمار، به‌نظر می‌رسد بروز اثرات دگرآسیبی ناشی از تجزیه بقایای این دو گیاه عامل کاهش عملکرد وش بوده است. با توجه به نتایج، توصیه می‌شود کاشت پنبه در بقایای ماشک گل خوشه‌ای و شبدر برسیم انجام شود و برای کنترل موثر علف‌های هرز از یک راهکار مدیریتی تکمیلی مانند وجین یا علف‌کش در مقادیر کاهش‌یافته استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of different winter cover crops and their residues on weed control and cotton (Gossipiom hirsutum) yield (Golestan cultivar)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Somayyeh Iri 1
  • Asyeh Siahmarguee 2
  • Ebrahim Zeinali 3
  • Afshin Soltani 4
1 MSc of Weed Science, Agronomy Department, Plant Production Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Agronomy Department, Plant Production Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
3 Associate Professor . Agronomy Department, Plant Production Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
4 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

To investigate the effect of winter cover crops on weed dynamics, growth and yield of Cotton Var. Golestan, an experiment was conducted in 2017-2018 at research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources as split-block with three replicates. Treatments included cover crops at seven levels of barley, rye, hairy vetch, Indian mustard, arugula, clover and cover crop-free control under weeding and non-weeding conditions. Leaf area index and dry weight of cotton decreased significantly under non-weeding conditions, The results indicated that lack of weed control led to decrease in bolls per plant, boll weight and lint yield. The highest and lowest lint yiled was observed in hairy vetch with 5035 Kg.ha-1 and barley and arugula treatments with 2261 and 2403 Kg.ha-1, respectively. The highest lint yield in weeding conditions was observed in the treatment of hairy vetch with 5035 Kg.ha-1, which was not significantly different from the berseem clover treatment. The lowest lint yield in weeding conditions was obtained in barley and arugula cover crops treatments with 2261 and 2403 kg.ha-1, respectively. Due to the proper control of weeds in these treatments, it seems that the occurrence of allelopathic effects due to the decomposition of the residues of these two plants on cotton has been the cause of this reduction. According to the results, sowing cotton in hairy vetch and berseem clover residues and a supplementary management strategy such as weeding or application of herbicides at reduced rates is recommended for effective weed control.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cover crop residues
  • lint yield
  • morphological charactersitics
  • ecological weed management

مراجع

  1. Abdin, O.A., Zhou, X.M., Cloutier, D., Coulman, D., Faris, C.M. A., and Smith, D.L. 2000. Cover crop and inter row tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays). European Journal of Agronomy, 12: 93-102.
  2. Agricultural Statistics. 2017. Volume I: Crop products. 2015-16. Office of Statistics and Information Technology, Deputy Director of Planning and Economic Affairs. Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. 90 pages. (In Persian)
  3. Akram-ghaderi, F., Ghajari, A., Yonesabadi, M., Sohrabi, B., and Sayrani, S. 2006. Determining the critical period of cotton weed control in Gorgan. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 37(2): 167-175. (In Persian)
  4. Altieri, M. A., Lana, M. A., Bettencourt, H. V., Kieling, A. S., Comin, J. J., and Lovato, P. E. 2011. Enhancing crop productivity via weed suppression in organic no-till cropping systems in Santa Catarina. Brazil Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 35: 855-869.
  5. Arefi, R., Soltani, A., and Ajam Norouzi, H. 2019. Environmental assessment of agricultural pesticides used in cotton fields in Golestan Province. Journal of Agroecology, 10(4): 1135-114. (In Persian)
  6. Batlla, D., Kruk, B.C., and Benech-Arnold, R.I. 2000. Very early detection of canopy pre sence by seeds thoovgh pereption of suttle modifications in red: far red signals, Functional Ecology, 14: 195-202.
  7. Brennan, E. B., Boyd, N. S., and Smith, R. F. 2013. Winter Cover Crop Seeding Rate and Variety Effects during Eight Years of Organic Vegetables: III. Cover Crop Residue Quality and Nitrogen Mineralization .Agronomy Journal. 105:171–182.
  8. Brust, J., Claupein, W., and Gerhards, R. 2014. Growth and weed suppression ability of common and new cover crops in Germany. Crop Protection, 63: 1-8.
  9. Cabrera, M.L., Kissel, D.E., and Vigil, M.F. 2005. Nitrogen mineralization from organic residues. Reserch opportunities. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34: 75-79.
  10. Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R., Radicetti, E., and Caporali, F. 2010. Effect of cover crops and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Crop Protection, 29: 353-364.
  11. Cherr, C. M., Scholberg, J. M. S., and McSorley, R. 2006. Green manure approaches to crop production: a synthesis. Agronomy, 98: 302-319.
  12. Clark, A. 2007. Managing cover crops profitably. Sustainable Agriculture Network. Third Edition. 244p.
  13. Decker A.M., Clark A.J., Meisinger J.J., Mulford F.R., and McIntosh M.S. 1994. Legume cover crop contributions to no-tillage corn production, Agronomy Journal, 86: 126–135.
  14. DeLaune, P. B., Mubvumba, P., Ale, S., and Kimura, E. 2020. Impact of no-till, cover crop, and irrigation on Cotton yield. Agricultural Water Management, 232: 106038.
  15. Dhima, K. V., Vasilakoglou, I. B., Eleftherohorinos, I. G., and Lithourgidis, A. S. 2006. Allelopathic potential of winter cereals and their cover crop mulch effect on grass weed suppression and corn development. Crop Science, 46(1): 345-352.
  16. Elmasry, R.R., Nadia, K.M., Kowthar, G.E., Ahmed, S.A., and Sanaa, A.M. 2015. The allelopathic effect of Eruca sativa mill. Seed powder on growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris and associated weeds. Current Science International 4(4): 485-490.
  17. Ghorbanpour, E., Ghaderifar, F., and Gherekhloo, J. 2014. Effect of Row Spacing on Competition of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 4(12):285-294. (In Persian)
  18. Ghafari, M., Ahmadvand, G., ardakani, M. R. Nadeali, I., and Elahi, F. 2012. Effects of Cover Crops Residue on Weed Control, Physiological Indices, Yield and Yield Components of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 43 (2): 295-309. (In Persian)
  19. Hamzeii, J., Borbor, A., and Babaei, M. 2016. Response of maize weeds to flowering vetch and Lathyrus in different tillage systems. Journal of Plant Protection (Agricultural industry Sciences), 30 (3): 406-396. (In Persian)
  20. Hargrove, W. L. 1991. Cover crops for Clean Water. Ankeny. Soil and Water Conservation Society.
  21. Hartwig, N. L., and Ammon, H. U. 2002. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Science, 50: 688-699.
  22. Hatcher, P. E., and Melander, B. 2003. Combining physical, cultural and biological methods: prospects for integrated non-chemical weed management strategies. Weed Research, 43: 303-322.
  23. Khojamli, R., Siahmarguee, A., Zeinali, E., and Soltani, A. 2019. Effect of different winter cover crops on the dynamics of weed populations and corn growth (Zea mays L.) (Single 704). Journal of Agroecology, 11 (2): 635-654. (In Persian)
  24. Mohammadian Anbi, M., Mohammad Dost Chamanabad, H.R., Hassanzadeh Qortatpeh, A., and Asghari, A. 2011. The effect cultivation and rye cover crop on weed control and seed yield of corn (single cross 706). National Conference on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture and Environment, Urmia, 2 August.
  25. Moller, K., and Reents, H.J. 2009. Effects of various cover crops after peas on nitrate leaching and nitrogen supply to succeeding winter wheat or potato crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 172(2): 277-287.
  26. Nakhone, L. N., and Tabatabai, M. A. 2008. Nitrogen Mineralization of leguminous crops in soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 171(2): 231-241.
  27. Ohno, T., Doolan, K., Zibike, L. M., Liebman, M., Galladt, E. R., and Berube, C. 2000. Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soi on wild mustard seedling growth. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 78: 187-192.
  28. Palhano, M. G., Norsworthy, J. K., and Barber, T. 2018. Cover crops suppression of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in cotton. Weed Technology, 32(1): 60-65.
  29. Peachey, R. E., Moldenke, A., William, R. D., Berry, R., Ingham, E., and Groth, E. 2002. Effect of covercrop and tillage systems on symphylan (Symphyla: Scutigerella immaculata, Newport and Pergamasus quisquiliarum Canestrini (Acari: Mesostigmata) populations, and other soil organisms in agriculturaoi. Applied Soil Ecology, 21: 59-70.
  30. Reeves, D. W. Price, A.J., and Patterson, M. G. 2005. Evaluation of three winter cereals for weed control in conservation- tillage nontransgenic cotton. Weed Technology, 19: 731-736.
  31. Rosario-Lebron, A., Leslie, A. W., Yurchak, V. L., Chen, G., and Hooks, C. R. 2019. Can winter cover crop termination practices impact weed suppression, soil moisture, and yield in no-till soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]?. Crop Protection, 116: 132-141.
  32. Russo, V.M., Kindiger, B., and Webber, C. L. 2006. Pumpkin yield and weed populations following annual ryegrass. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 28:85-96.       
  33. Saedar, M. 2015. Effect of planting method and weed control on growth characteristics and yield of cotton in Boshroyeh region. MSc Thesis. Birjand University.119 p. (in Persian with English Abstract).
  34. Salimi, H., Atri, A.R., and Rahimiyan Mashhadi, H. 2005. Determination of critical period of weed control in cotton fields. Entomology and Phytopathology, 73(2): 47-64. (In Persian)
  35. Showler, A.T., and Greenberg, M.S. 2003. Effect of weed on selected arthropod herbivore and natural enemy populatin and yield. Enviromental-Entomology, 32:39-50.
  36. USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service), East National Technology Support Center, Greensboro, NC, in cooperation with North Dakota NRCS. 2011. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet
    /FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcseprd331820.pdf.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار